Issue |
Ann. de l’Associat. Internat. de Climatologie
Volume 2, 2005
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Page(s) | 11 - 25 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.4267/climatologie.847 | |
Published online | 09 October 2015 |
La « révolution scientifique » de la climatologie pendant la seconde moitie du xxème siecle : le paradigme de l’état du « systeme climatique »
The « scientific revolution » of the climatology during the second half of the XXth century: the paradigm of the state of the “climate system”
Institut de Géographie, UMR 6012 ESPACE, Université de Provence (Aix-Marseille I), 29 Av. R. Schuman, 13621 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1, France
La climatologie a été définie depuis plus d’un siècle comme une « science des états de l’atmosphère » accompagnée du développement des recherches portant sur les études statistiques des éléments climatiques et, au niveau dynamique, sur les types de temps. Elle a vécu à la fin du XXème siècle une « révolution scientifique » (Kuhn, 1972) avec l’apparition d’un nouveau paradigme, celui de la « science des états du système climatique » propulsé par la reconnaissance du changement climatique actuel. Les deux climatologies coexistent en ce début de siècle avec une certaine répartition entre elles des échelles spatiales, l’utilisation du nouveau paradigme étant, du moins jusqu’à maintenant, surtout cantonné à l’échelle planétaire.
Abstract
Climatology has been defined since more than a century as the « science of the states of the atmosphere » either as the average state of the atmosphere or as the series of the states of the atmosphere. This latter definition richer than the first one leads to the notion of climate variability. From that point of view two different types of researches have developed. The “analytic climatology” studies climatic parameters one by one; it has conducted to the development of the statistical climatology and the applied one. The “synthetic climatology” is defined by the definition of weather-types included in larger circulation types.
Climatology has been concerned at the end of the XXth century by a « scientific revolution » (Kuhn, 1972) when a new paradigm, the « science of the climatic states » (implying a climatic system with five components open to external forcings) has appeared. It has been propelled by the acknowledgement of a present climate change which will continue over the present century. Its study has been made possible by the development of new technologies. It has given rise to new types of research, particularly related to its impacts on the environment and on the socio-economic systems.
The two climatologies presently coexist with a kind of distribution of the concerned space scales between them, the new paradigm being mainly related to the global one.
Mots clés : Climatologie / états de l’atmosphère / système climatique / paradigme
Key words: climatology / states of the atmosphere / climate system / paradigm
© Association internationale de climatologie 2005
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